The Glossary is a work in progress and might have to be extended in the future or changed depending on science and technology and societal developments Version 31 December 2007
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Glossary for the 21st Century a starting point by Dr.
Gregor Wolbring |
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Term |
Definition |
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Disability |
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Medical model of Disability |
People
disabled by their body-structure related functioning (sub-species typical functioning)
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Social model of disability |
People
disabled by the attitudinal and environmental
barriers they experience due to their non normative body-structure related functioning that hinder their full and
effective participation in society on an equal basis with others (species typical being the norm)
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Transhumanized medical model of disability
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People
disabled by their body structure related functioning (everyone not performing beyond species typical functioning).
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| Transhumanized social model of disability | People disabled by the attitudinal and environmental barriers they experience because they do exhibit beyond species typical functioning face that hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others, | |
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Social model of disability, medical model of the person;
impaired disabled person (UN Convention on the rights of persons with
Disabilities) |
disability
results from the interaction between persons with impairments (sub-species typical functioning) and attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinders their full and
effective participation in society on an equal basis with others, |
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Social model of disability, medical model of the person; impaired
disabled person ( ICF) |
the outcome
or result of a complex relationship between an individual’s health
condition and personal factors, and of the external factors that represent
the circumstances in which the individual lives |
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Social model of disability, neutral model of the
person |
results
from the interaction between a person with a given body
structure related functionlng and attitudinal and environmental barriers persons face due to their body structure related functioning that hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal
basis with others,
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Social model of disability, social model of the person;
vari-abled
disabled person |
results
from the interaction between a person with a variation in body structure related functioning and attitudinal and environmental
barriers persons face due to their variation
in body structure related functioning that hinder their full and
effective participation in society on an equal basis with others,
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Social model of disability, transhumanist model of
the person; transhuman impaired person |
disability
results from the interaction between persons with impairments (species typical functioning) and attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinder their full and
effective participation in society on an equal basis with others,
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The person |
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Disabled |
A consequence of the body
structure/function related disability one encounters |
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Disabled person |
Everyone who encounters body structure/function related attitudinal and environmental barriers that hindesr one’s full and
effective participation in society on an equal basis with others,
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Person with a Disability |
Everyone who encounters body structure/function related attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinders one’s full and
effective participation in society on an equal basis with others,
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Impaired person |
Everyone who identifies oneself as having a subnormative functioning, deficient body based on a species-typical norm.
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Vari-abled person |
Everyone who identifies oneself as having a vari-ability in bodily functioning which differs from the
species-typical norm. However one should keep in mind that often people are
identified by others as impaired even if the person does not identify as such. |
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Vari-abled and disabled person
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Everyone who identifies oneself as having a vari-ability in bodily functioning which differs from the
species typical norm and who encounters body structure/function related, ableism related attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinder one’s full and
effective participation in society on an equal basis with others. However one should keep in mind that often
people are identified by others as impaired even if the person does not
identify as such.
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Impaired and disabled person
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Everyone who identifies oneself as having subnormative, deficient bodily functioning based on a species
typical norm and who encounters body structure/function
related, ableism related attitudinal and environmental
barriers that hinder one’s full and effective participation in society on an
equal basis with others.
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Transhumanized impaired person (techno poor
impaired person) |
Everyone who identifies oneself as being deficient because one is not able to improve oneself beyond Homo sapiens normative
functioning whether through a) external means by shaping the environment, or
b) internal means by modifying ones bodily structures. |
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Transhumanized disabled person |
Everyone who is not enhanced beyond Homo sapiens normative
functioning whether through a) external means by shaping the environment, or
b) internal means by modifying ones bodily structures and who encounters body structure/function
related attitudinal and environmental
barriers mostly justified by a transhumanized version of
ableism that hinder one’s full and effective participation in society on an
equal basis with others. However one should keep in mind that often people
are identified by others as impaired even if the person does not identify as
such.
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Transhumanized impaired and disabled person (techno
poor impaired and disabled person)
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Everyone who identifies oneself as being deficient because one is not able to improve oneself beyond Homo sapiens
normative functioning whether through a) external means by shaping the
environment, or b) internal means by modifying ones bodily structures and who encounters attitudinal and
environmental barriers mostly justified by a transhumanized version of
ableism that hinder one’s full and effective participation in society on an
equal basis with others, |
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Transhumanized vari-abled
person |
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Transhumanized vari-abled
and disabled person
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Everyone who identifies oneself as having
a beyond species-typical functioning variability in bodily functioning which
differs from the species typical norm which was achieved through a) external
means by shaping the environment, or b) internal means by modifying ones bodily
structures and who therefore encounters attitudinal and environmental barriers mostly
justified by an Anti-transhumanized version of ableism that hinder one’s full
and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others. |
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Ableism |
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Ableism |
A set
of beliefs, processes and practices that produce based on ones abilities a particular kind of
understanding of oneself, one’s body and one’s relationship with others of
one’s species, other species and one’s environment and includes one being
judged by others. Ableism exhibits a favouritism for certain abilities that are
projected as essential while at the same time labelling real or perceived
deviation from or lack of these essential abilities as a diminished state of
being leading or contributing to the
justification of a variety of other isms (1;2) |
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Transhumanized Form of Ableism(1-3) (generic) |
A set of beliefs, processes and practices that perceive
the improvement of functioning of biological structures beyond typical
boundaries as essential. The transhumanized
version of ableism, sees all biological structures as limited, defective and in need of
constant improvement beyond biological structure typical boundaries. The transhumanized version of ableism exhibits the favouritism of beyond biological structure typical
abilities and perceived biological structures as deficient as being in a
diminished state of being if they are not enhanced beyond biological
structure typical abilities. (1-3) |
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Transhumanized Form of Ableism(1-3)(human related) |
A set of beliefs, processes and practices that perceive
the improvement of human body abilities beyond homo sapiens typical
boundaries as essential. This transhumanized
version of ableism, sees all human bodies as limited, defective and in need of constant
improvement of their abilities beyond homo sapiens -typical boundaries. This transhumanized version of ableism exhibits the favouritism of
beyond homo sapiens typical abilities and perceived humans as
deficient as being in a diminished state of being human if they are not
enhanced beyond homo sapiens typical abilities. (1-3). The transhumanist
body ability enhancement can be of three types a) external by shaping the
environment, b) internal reversal by modifying bodily structures in an
reversible fashion and c) internal non-reversal by modifying bodily structures
in a non-reversible fashion |
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Transhumanized Form of Ableism (1-3)(animal related) |
A set of beliefs, processes and practices which champions the
especially cognitive enhancement of animal species beyond species typical
boundaries leading to cognitive or otherwise ‘enabled species’. |
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| Transhumanized Form of Ableism(1-3) (environment related) |
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Ability Studies |
is the study of the usage of the term ability. It investigates a) the
social, cultural, legal, political, ethical and other angles which influence
the judgment of any given ability and which leads to the favouritism of one
ability over another b) the impact and consequence of the favouritism of
certain abilities and rejection of others
c) the consequences of ableism in its different forms and its relationship
and impact on other isms d) the impact of new and emerging technologies on
ableism and the favouritism towards certain abilities and rejection of other
abilities e) what abilities would lead to the most beneficial scenario for
the maximum amount of people in the world Ability studies includes among
others •
the traditional disabled people, •
the techno poor disabled,(3;4) •
the people who gain
enhancements,(5) •
other non human targets for
ability modifications, •
new life forms,(6) and looks among others at areas
such as •
ableism supported prejudism’s •
ableism differences between
cultures •
ableism driven judgement of
countries •
ableism and development •
influence of ableism on numerous
concepts such as biological diversity,
cultural diversity and culture of peace and interpretation of documents
treaties and laws |
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Models
(identity) and determinants (interventions) of Health |
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If one deals with models and determinants of health one
in the end deals with two issues. The models of health define the client (animal
human) and the cause whereby the determinants define the intervention |
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Medical model (identity, bodily reality part) of a
person ·
Medical determinants of medical health of a
patient ·
Social determinants/ interventions of
medical health of a patient ·
Social determinants/ social well-being
intervention of a patient |
The person’s bodily reality is viewed as defective directly
caused by disease, trauma or other ‘medical health conditions’ leading to a body
structure, function that deviates from certain norms. The person obtains the identity
label of being an impaired person/person with an impairment,
a ‘patient’ with ill medical health, with subnormative functioning. (5) Within the medical
model of health, health is limited to cover “medical health” and is
characterized as the normative
functioning of biological systems (e.g. in humans or animals) whereas
disease/ illness is defined as the sub-normative
functioning of biological systems. It excludes interventions in
regards to social and spiritual well being which can cot directly be linked to a medical
problem. (5) The ‘patient is the target of
its intervention whether through cure or the prevention of the appearance. place the cause of sub-normative functioning within the individual patient’s biological
system leading to medical interventions towards the species typical norm on
the level of the individual focusing on medical cure, medical
individualistic care and individualistic normative rehabilitation as the
primary endpoint and at the political level the principal response is to make
curative medicine more efficient(5) identify external factors as
the cause for the “ill medical health” the sub-normative functioning of the individual, the patient and
tries to fix the external factors to prevent medical ill health. This
includes, for example, the elimination of contaminated water that leads to
bacterial or parasitic infections, or job insecurity that contributes to
stress and heart disease. (5) It also includes prevention of
an impaired person through prevention at birth, deselection on the embryo and
fetus level, and preventative measures such as vitamins. At the political
level the principal response is to make preventive medicine more efficient(5) Although some social determinants interventions such as
decreasing job insecurity also increase social well being, the performance
indicator is a positive change in a medical parameter. Improve the social well-being of the patient through
social determinant interventions(5) |
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Social Health(5) |
social determinants intervention towards the social well
being of a person not labeled as being in ill medical health or in danger of
being medical ill(5) |
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Transhumanized health ·
Transhumanized
intervention o
Transhumanized medical determinant
interventions o
Transhumanized social determinant interventions o
Transhumanized social determinant/social well being
interventions |
all Homo sapiens bodies – no matter how
conventionally “medically healthy” – are defined as limited and defective as
in ill health in need of constant improvement made possible by new
technologies appearing on the horizon (a little bit like the constant
software upgrades we do on our computers). Health in this model is the
concept of having obtained maximum (at any given time) enhancement
(improvement) of one’s abilities, functioning and body structure. (5) These interventions see enhancement beyond
species-typical body structures and functioning as a therapeutic intervention
(transhumanization of medicalization)(5). They can happen on
three levels a) external by shaping the environment (transhumanized social
determinants), b) internal reversal by modifying bodily structures in an
reversible fashion (transhumanized medical determinant) and c) internal
non-reversal by modifying bodily structures in a non-reversible fashion (transhumanized
medical determinant) Enhancement medicine is the new field providing the
remedy and maintenance through surgery, pharmaceuticals,
implants and other intervention on the level of the body. The transhumanist
model of interventions views science and technology as having the potential
to free everyone – the now "all impaired people" from the
"confinement of their genes" (genomic freedom) and the
"confinement of their biological bodies" (morphological
freedom). (5;7) Transhuman public health is the
new field which will ensure that social determinant barriers to transhuman interventions are eliminated. It is also the
field which would try to enable bodily enhancements mediated through changing
the environment Improve the social well-being of the patient waiting to
be transhumanized through social determinant interventions(5) |
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References
1. Wolbring, G, NBICS, other convergences, ableism and the culture of peace, http://www.innovationwatch.com/choiceisyours/choiceisyours-2007-04-15.htm, 2007.,Innovationwatch.com webpage
2. Wolbring, G, What Convergence is in the Cards for Future Scientists? http://www.bioethicsanddisability.org/convergence, 2007.,Conference presentation Vienna May 2007 hosted on International Center for Bioethics Culture and Disability webpage
3. Wolbring, G, Ableism and NBICS, http://www.innovationwatch.com/choiceisyours/choiceisyours.2006.08.15.htm, 2006.,Innovationwatch.com webpage
4. Wolbring, G.Emerging technologies (Nano, Bio, Info, Cogno) and the changing concepts of Health and disability/impairment: A New Challenge for Health Policy, research and care (2006) Journal of Health and Development (India) 2, 1&2 19-37
5. Wolbring, G. HTA Initiative #23 The triangle of enhancement medicine, disabled people, and the concept of health: a new challenge for HTA, health research, and health policy, 2005, ISBN 1-894927-36-2 (Print); ISBN 1-894927-37-0 (On-Line); ISSN: 1706-7855 , http://www.ihe.ca/documents/hta/HTA-FR23.pdf,
6. Wolbring, G, Synthetic Biology 2.0, http://www.innovationwatch.com/choiceisyours/choiceisyours.2006.05.30.htm, 2006.,The Choice is Yours Column at Innovationwatch.com
7. Wolbring, G, KEY TERMINOLOGIES IN THE FIELD OF DISABILITY: Change through NBICS, talk on the 27th July, 2006 at a World Health Organisation meeting, http://www.bioethicsanddisability.org/whatishealth.html