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Health Research
Declarations
- WHO Definition of Health
1948The correct bibliographic citation for the definition is: Preamble
to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International
Health Conference, New York, 19-22 June, 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the
representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization,
no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948.The Definition has not
been amended since 1948.
- Fourth Ministerial
ConferenceFourth Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health Budapest,
Hungary, 23–25 June 2004
- Flexner
report 1910Medical Education in the United States and Canada (The Flexner
Report) A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching
by Abraham Flexner. Bulletin Number Four (1910) Reproduced in 1972.
- Dawson Report 1920
- Social Insurance and Allied
Services Report by Sir William Beveridge Presented to Parliament by Command
of His Majesty November 1942 HMSO CMND 6404
- Declaration
of Alma-Ata 1978
- 1st Conference
on Heealth Promotion; Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion 1986
- 2nd
Conference on Health promotion Adelaide, Australia
- 3rd Conference
on Health Promotion Sundsvall
- Jakarta
Declaration on Leading Health Promotion into the 21st Century
- 5th
Conference on Health Promotion Mexico City 2000
- 6th Global
Conference on Health Promotion, Thailand, 7-11 August
- 6th Conference
on Health promotion August 2005 Bangkok draft
- The Bangkok
Charter for Health Promotion 25th April 2005 draft
- The
Bangkok Charter for Health Promotion in a globalized world final version 11.
August 2005
- DECLARATION
ON HEALTH DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTH-EAST ASIA
- World Health Assembly Resolution:
Health Promotion 1998
- The Copenhagen
Declaration on Health Policy, 1994
- Athens Declaration
for Healthy Cities, 1998
- DECLARATIONThe
2nd Consultation on Macroeconomics and Health Increasing Investments in Health
Outcomes for the Poor
28-30 October 2003
- The Declaration of
Cooperation in Mental Health of Refugees, Displaced and Other Populations
Affected by Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations
- The Brazzaville
Declaration Water, Sanitation and health Africa
- Pharmacists
and public health
- Athens Declaration
on Mental Health and Man-made Disasters, Stigma and Community Care 2001
- Declaration
on Social Progress and Development Proclaimed by General Assembly resolution
2542 (XXIV) of 11 December 1969
- The
Amman Declaration on Health Promotion 1989
- World
Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki
- Implications
of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health
- Health-for-all policy
for the twenty-first century
- ATLANTA DECLARATION
ON HIV/AIDS AND MALARIA IN AFRICA 2000
- Bangkok
DeclarationOn Health Research for Development 2000
- Declaration on Health Development
in the South-East Asia Region in the 21st Century
- People's Charter
of Health
- The
Social Determinants of Health (Toronto Charter 2003)
Free journals
Listserves
Reports/Policies/Studies
Policy Proposal for Medical Innovation Treaty (MIT).
Links
Academic papers
Funding for New Technologies
Health and Disease models
Sustainability and other Indicator
Databases
- Pub Med run by National Library of Medicine
(USA)
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination
(CRD): you can access here the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects
(DARE) , NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED) and Health Technology
Assessment (HTA) Database
- The NLM Gateway allows users
to search in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
(NLM). The current Gateway searches MEDLINE/PubMed, TOXLINE Special, NLM Catalog,
MedlinePlus, ClinicalTrials.gov, DIRLINE, Genetics Home Reference, Meeting
Abstracts, HSRProj, OMIM, and HSDB. See the Overview for details.
- AgeLine abstracts
the literature of social gerontology as well as aging-related research from
psychology, sociology, social work, economics, public policy, and the health
sciences. It covers aging-related issues for professionals in aging services,
health, business, law, and mental health. AgeLine also includes selected consumer
content.
- PDQ (Physician Data Query)
- ERIC: Database of the Educational
Resources Information Center includes health-related educational information
- The Campbell Library: Systematic
reviews of social, behavioral and educational interventions
- Health
technology assessment on the Net: a guide to Internet sources of information,
6th Ed.Alberta Canada AHFMR Many good links to many Databases
EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE (EBM) & CRITICAL APPRAISAL
Health Quality Assessment
Quality of life of disabled people (QUALY/DALY)
Studies
- Wolbring (2006) Peer Reviewed "The triangle of Enhancement Medicine, Disabled people and the concept of Health: A new challenge for HTA, health research and health policy"a 220 page report. Published by the Health Technology Assessment Unit of the Alberta Heritage Foundation for medical research content here. You can download it here http://www.ahfmr.ab.ca/download.php/954da463c9a6c633bdafefd1aaf23844 This publication deals a lot with the DALY and other measures QUALY, HEALY...Evidence based medicine...
- THE
DISABILITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEAR (DALY) DEFINITION, MEASUREMENT AND POTENTIAL
USE
- Victoria (Australia)
Burden of disease Study NEW
- Social, Cultural
Environmental Contexts & and the Measurement of the Burden of DiseaseAN EXPLORATORY
COMPARISON IN THE DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING WORLD Daniel D. Reidpath Pascale
Allotey Aka Kouame Robert A. Cummins March 2001
- A Critique
of the World HealthOrganisation’s Evaluation of Health System Performance
Professor Jeff Richardson
Director, Health Economics Unit, Monash University Dr Iain Robertson Senior
Research Fellow, Health Economics Unit, Monash University
Dr John Wildman Research Fellow, Health Economics Unit, Monash University
October, 2001 ISSN 1325 0663 ISBN 1 876662 45 X
- Mapi Research Institute:
Information on health related quality of life, including the QOLID (Quality
of Life Instruments Database)
- Health Related Quality of Life: Quality
of life information compiled by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
- International Society for Quality of Life
Research (ISOQOL): Information on the associations conferences, journal,
and an annotated bibliography of key articles on health related quality of
life
Links
Academic Article
- The
DALY, context and the determinants of the severity of disease: an exploratory
comparison of paraplegia in Australia and Cameroon. Allotey P, Reidpath
D, Kouame A, Cummins R.Soc Sci Med. 2003 Sep;57(5):949-58.This paper summarises
the findings of an empirical investigation of some of the technical and social
assumptions on which the disability adjusted life year (DALY) is based. The
objectives of the study were to examine the notion that the burden of disease
is broadly similar without regard to country, environment, gender or socio-economic
status and to develop detailed descriptions of the experiences of the burden
of disease as they related to these contextual factors. The study was a multi-factorial
exploratory study employing qualitative and quantitative techniques to obtain
data on the effects of country (development), environment (urban versus rural),
gender and socio-economic status on people with paraplegia. The data provided
an extensive and detailed compilation of context rich descriptions of living
with paraplegia. Striking features of the data were the differences between
countries with respect to the impact of the health conditions on functioning
and highlight a context in which paraplegia of like clinical severity can
be fatal in one environment and not in another. While there has been some
focus on the control of social determinants of disease, there has been little
work on the social determinants of the severity of disease. The underlying
assumptions of the DALY, which ignore context in the assessment of the burden
of disease, risk exacerbating inequalities by undervaluing the burden of disease
in less-developed countries. There is a need to continue to subject the development
of indicators to rigorous debate to determine a balance between the assumption
of a global "average social milieu" and the treatment of each individual
as belonging to their own context in the assessment of population health in
order for indicators to be meaningful cross-culturally.
- Disability-adjusted life
expectancy years in India, Mexico, the Netherlands, and the world. This
paper summarises the findings of an empirical investigation of some of the
technical and social assumptions on which the disability adjusted life year
(DALY) is based. The objectives of the study were to examine the notion that
the burden of disease is broadly similar without regard to country, environment,
gender or socio-economic status and to develop detailed descriptions of the
experiences of the burden of disease as they related to these contextual factors.
The study was a multi-factorial exploratory study employing qualitative and
quantitative techniques to obtain data on the effects of country (development),
environment (urban versus rural), gender and socio-economic status on people
with paraplegia. The data provided an extensive and detailed compilation of
context rich descriptions of living with paraplegia. Striking features of
the data were the differences between countries with respect to the impact
of the health conditions on functioning and highlight a context in which paraplegia
of like clinical severity can be fatal in one environment and not in another.
While there has been some focus on the control of social determinants of disease,
there has been little work on the social determinants of the severity of disease.
The underlying assumptions of the DALY, which ignore context in the assessment
of the burden of disease, risk exacerbating inequalities by undervaluing the
burden of disease in less-developed countries. There is a need to continue
to subject the development of indicators to rigorous debate to determine a
balance between the assumption of a global "average social milieu"
and the treatment of each individual as belonging to their own context in
the assessment of population health in order for indicators to be meaningful
cross-culturally.
- Identification
and description of environmental factors that influence participation of children
with cerebral palsy. Mihaylov SI, Jarvis SN, Colver AF, Beresford B.Dev
Med Child Neurol. 2004 May;46(5):299-304
- New
directions in the outcome evaluation of children with cerebral palsy.Majnemer
A, Mazer B.Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2004 Mar;11(1):11-7.
- Investigation
of health perspectives of those with physical disabilities: the role of spirituality
as a determinant of health. Faull K, Hills MD, Cochrane G, Gray J, Hunt
M, McKenzie C, Winter L.Disabil Rehabil. 2004 Feb 4;26(3):129-44.
- The
meaning of health for women with physical disabilities: a qualitative analysis.
Nosek MA, Hughes RB, Howland CA, Young ME, Mullen PD, Shelton ML Fam Community
Health. 2004 Jan-Mar;27(1):6-21.
- A
consumer trip into the world of the DALY calculations: an Alice-in-Wonderland
experience. Bastian H. Reprod Health Matters. 2000 May;8(15):113-6.For
a consumer advocate, entering the world of the disability-adjusted life years
(DALYs) calculations was a surreal experience. What began with the noble aim
of working out how to overcome the tyranny of death as the only way of 'measuring'
health, has led to an exercise where people weigh the relative value of health
conditions without death as a feature. However, life-threatening diseases,
if they no longer carry the threat of death, are no longer themselves. These
valuations of 'altered health states' then, can become absurd. While data
often fail to measure real life very well, and distort as well as illuminate,
the ranking of disease in this way is particularly problematic. It has been
said to disadvantage the poor, the very young and very old, and women. It
privileges short-term interventions over prevention and long-term strategies.
Can this really improve decision-making about resource allocation in health?
- Opening
the debate on DALYs (disability-adjusted life years). Barker C, Green
A.Health Policy Plan. 1996 Jun;11(2):179-83. The 1993 World Development Report
is proving to be an influential document for the development of the health
sector policies in developing countries. One important aspect of the Report
concerns its proposals for Disability Adjusted Life Years as a measure of
health change and hence effectiveness of interventions. This article comments
on the use of such measures in the health policy arena.
- The
burden of disease among the global poor. Gwatkin DR, Guillot M, Heuveline
P. Lancet. 1999 Aug 14;354(9178):586-9 BACKGROUND: Global and regional estimates
show that non-communicable diseases in old age are rising in importance relative
to other causes of ill health as populations age, and as progress continues
against communicable diseases among infants and children. However, these estimates,
which cover population groups at all income levels, do not accurately reflect
conditions that prevail among the poor. We estimated the burden of disease
among the 20% of the global population living in countries with the lowest
per capita incomes, compared with the 20% of the world's people living in
the richest countries. METHODS: Estimates for the global poorest and richest
20% were prepared for 1990 for deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs),
by a procedure used in a prominent recent study of the global disease burden.
Projected mortality rates in the year 2020 were established for the world's
poorest and richest 20% under various assumptions about the future rate of
decline in communicable and non-communicable diseases. FINDINGS: In 1990,
communicable diseases caused 59% of death and disability among the world's
poorest 20%. Among the world's richest 20%, on the other hand, non-communicable
diseases caused 85% of death and disability. A raised baseline rate of communicable
disease decline between 1990 and 2020 would increase life-expectancy among
the world's poorest 20% around ten times as much as it would the richest 20%
(4.1 vs 0.4 years). However, the poorest 20% would gain only around a quarter
to a third as much as the richest 20% from a similar increase in non-communicable
diseases (1.4 vs 5.3 years). As a result, a faster decline in communicable
diseases would decease the poor-rich gap in 2020, but under an accelerated
rate of overall decline in non-communicable diseases, the poor-rich gap would
widen. INTERPRETATION: Our estimates are crude, but despite their limitations,
they give a more accurate picture of changes in attributable mortality among
the world's poor than do the global averages in current usePIP: This study
presents the burden of disease among the poor globally. The burden of disease
among the poorest 20% of the population, was compared to that among the richest
20% using deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Projected mortality
rates for the richest and poorest were established under various assumptions
about the decline in the communicable and noncommunicable disease rates. Results
showed that among the poorest 20% of the world's population (1990), communicable
diseases caused 59% deaths and 64% DALY loss; noncommunicable disease caused
85% of death and DALY loss. Among the world's richest 20%, communicable diseases
accounted for 8% of deaths and 11% of DALY loss. A raised baseline rate of
communicable disease decreases between 1990 and 2020 would increase life expectancy
among the worlds poorest 20% by about 10 times the rate that it would increase
life expectancy among the richest 20%. However, the poorest would gain only
around quarter to a third as much as the richest 20% from a similar increase
in the decline of noncommunicable diseases. Therefore, a faster overall decline
in communicable diseases would decrease the poor/rich gap in 2020, but under
an accelerated overall decline in noncommunicable diseases, the poor/rich
gap would widen. The authors concede that the data presented are only rough
estimates, but they believe that these estimates give a more accurate picture
of changes in attributable mortality than do the global averages in current
use.
- Cultural
influences on health care use: differences in perceived unmet needs and expectations
of providers by Latino and Euro-American parents of children with special
health care needs. Gannotti ME, Kaplan LC, Handwerker WP, Groce NE.J Dev
Behav Pediatr. 2004 Jun;25(3):156-65.
- Sociocultural
influences on disability status in Puerto Rican children. Gannotti ME,
Handwerker WP, Groce NE, Crux C. Phys Ther. 2001 Sep;81(9):1512-23. BACKGROUND
AND PURPOSE: This article describes culturally defined meanings of childhood
function and disability in Puerto Rico to provide a context for the interpretation
of test scores from the Spanish translation of the Pediatric Evaluation of
Disability Inventory (PEDI). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: More than 600 Puerto Rican
teachers, parents and caregivers of children with and without disabilities,
and members of the general community participated in ethnographic interviews,
which were designed to describe their beliefs, attitudes, and knowledge about
childhood function and disability. RESULTS: Qualitative and quantitative data
analysis confirmed that differences exist between Puerto Ricans and the norms
established in the United States for the performance of functional skills
by children, and the analysis also described Puerto Rican beliefs and attitudes
toward disability. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Puerto Rican values of interdependence,
anonar (pampering or nurturing behaviors), and sobre protectiva (overprotectiveness)
influence parental expectations for the capability of children with disabilities
and should be considered when interpreting scores from the PEDI and establishing
plans of care. Additional research is needed on the influence of contextual
variables on child development and behavioral adaptations to disability.
- Disability
in cross-cultural perspective: rethinking disability. Groce NE, Lancet.
1999 Aug 28;354(9180):756-7.
- Measuring
the Quality of Life: Rethinking the World Bank's Disability Adjusted Life
Years 2001 Groce N.
- The
critique of DALYs: a counter-reply Bull World Health Organ. 1997;75(4):383-4..
Sayers BM, Fliedner TM.
- Global
burden of maternal death and disability. AbouZahr C.Br Med Bull. 2003;67:1-11.
- Disability-adjusted
life years: a critical review. Anand S, Hanson K J Health Econ. 1997 Dec;16(6):685-702The
disability-adjusted life year (DALY) has emerged in the international health
policy lexicon as a new measure of the 'burden of disease'. We argue that
the conceptual and technical basis for DALYs is flawed, and its assumptions
and value judgements are open to serious question. In particular, the implications
of age-weighting and discounting are found to be unacceptable. Moreover, the
proponents of DALYs do not distinguish between the exercises of measuring
the burden of disease and of allocating resources. But the appropriate information
sets for the two exercises are quite different. Allocating resources by aggregate
DALY-minimization is shown to be inequitable
- Entrez-PubMedHealth
Econ 2001 Oct;10(7):579-81 The desirability of a condition versus the well
being and worth of a person. Nord E.
- bmj.com
Arnesen and Nord 319 (7222): 1423 The value of DALY life: problems with
ethics and validity of disability adjusted life years
- Entrez-PubMed
Ann Med 2001 Jul;33(5):371-4 Health state values from multiattribute
utility instruments need correction. Nord E.
- Entrez-PubMedSoc
Sci Med 2001 Sep;53(5):627-38Down's syndrome: cost, quality and value of life.
Alderson P. Routine prenatal screening is based on the assumption
that it is reasonable for prospective parents to choose to prevent a life
with Down's syndrome. This paper questions whether Down's syndrome necessarily
involves the costs, limitations and suffering which are assumed in the prenatal
literature, and examines the lack of evidence about the value and quality
of life with Down's syndrome. Tensions between the aims of prenatal screening
policies to support women's personal choices, prevent distress, and reduce
the suffering and costs of disability, versus the inadvertent effects of screening
which can undermine these aims, are considered. Strengths and weaknesses in
medically and socially based models of research about disability, and their
validity and reliability are reviewed. From exploratory qualitative research
with 40 adults who have congenital conditions which are tested for prenatally,
interviews with five adults with Down's syndrome are reported. Interviewees
discuss their relationships, education and employment, leisure interests,
hopes, aspects of themselves and of society they would like to change, and
their views on prenatal screening. They show how some people with Down's syndrome
live creative, rewarding and fairly independent lives, and are not inevitably
non-contributing dependents. Like the other 35 interviewees, they illustrate
the importance of social supports, and their problems with excluding attitudes
and barriers. Much more social research with people who have congenital conditions
is required, if prenatal screening policies and counselling are to be evidence
based.
- Entrez-PubMedoc
Sci Med 2000 Aug;51(3):407-17 Discounted lives? Weighing disability when measuring
health and ruling on "compassionate" murder. Rock M.This
paper examines the politics of "suffering" by considering the Disability-Adjusted
Life Year (DALY) alongside a controversial Canadian murder case, involving
the killing of a child with disabilities by her father. The DALY aims to measure
health and death correctly so as to allocate resources fairly, and eventually
achieve better living conditions among the world's people. The Latimer controversy
centres on the contention that some lives are not worth living, which the
DALY's formula also implies. By ranking types of people according to their
degree of disability, the DALY rates the lives of some people as worse than
"a state equivalent to death". By examining the politics of "suffering"
in the DALY and the Latimer affair, this paper underlines a valorisation of
the "normal" body in much of the social science literature on health,
medicine and suffering.
- Entrez-PubMed
Health Econ 2000 Jan;9(1):57-68 QALYs and ageism: philosophical
theories and age weighting. Tsuchiya A.
- Entrez-PubMed
Am J Public Health 2000 Aug;90(8):1235-40 Applying burden
of disease methods in developing countries: a case study from Pakistan. Hyder
AA, Morrow RH.Comment in: Am J Public Health. 2001 Apr;91(4):652-3.
- Entrez-PubMedJ
Epidemiol Community Health 1999 Jan;53(1):43-5 Steady state
assumptions in DALYs: effect on estimates of HIV impact. Hyder AA, Morrow
RH.
- Entrez-PubMedAm
J Public Health 1998 Feb;88(2):196-202 Measuring the burden of disease: healthy
life-years.
Hyder AA, Rotllant G, Morrow RH.
- Entrez-PubMedJ
Public Health Med 2000 Dec;22(4):518-24 The Global Burden
of Disease Study: a useful projection of future global health? Cohen J.
- Entrez-PubMedBull
Med Ethics 2000 Oct;(162):19-22 Can the "quality of
life" be used as a criterion in health care services? Aksoy S.
- Entrez-PubMedInt
J Technol Assess Health Care 2001 Fall;17(4):488-96 A fallacy
of the multiplicative QALY model for low-quality weights in students and patients
judging hypothetical health states. Stalmeier PF, Chapman GB, de Boer AG,
van Lanschot JJ.
- Entrez-PubMedHyder,
A.A., Rotllant, G., &Morrow, R.H. (1998) Measuring the burden of
disease : Healthy Life Years, American Journal of Public Health, 88(2), 73-79
- Entrez-PubMedSaigal
S, Feeny D, Rosenbaum P, Furlong W, Burrows E, Stoskopf B1996. Self-perceived
health status and health-related quality of life of extremely low-birth-weight
infants at adolescence. Journal of the American Medical Association JAMA.
1996;276:453-459. P453
- Entrez-PubMed
Scand J Rehabil Med 1985;17(2):87-99 Severely mobility-disabled people assess
the quality of their lives. Stensman R.
- Entrez-PubMedJ
Med Ethics 1996 Oct;22(5):267-72 Preferences, needs and QALYs.
Cohen J.
- Entrez-PubMedFactors
associated with expressed satisfaction among people with intellectual disability
receiving residential supports.Gregory N, Robertson J, Kessissoglou S, Emerson
E, Hatton C.
- Entrez-PubMed
Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994 Jun;75(6):626-32Life satisfaction and well-being
measures in ventilator assisted individuals with traumatic tetraplegia.Bach
JR, Tilton MC.
- Entrez-PubMed
Cushman, LA und Dijkers, MP, 1990 Depressed mood in spinal cord injured
patients: staff perceptions and patient realities. Archives of Physical Medicine
and Rehabilitation, , vol. 71, Seiten 191-196.
- Entrez-PubMedEisenberg
MG and Saltz, CC 1991 Quality of life among aging
spinal cord injured persons: long term rehabilitation outcomes Paraplegia,
Vol. 29, 514-520).
- Entrez-PubMedGerhart
KA, 1994 Quality of Life Following Spinal Cord Injury; Knowledge and
Attitudes of Emergency Care providers, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol.
23, 807-812
- Entrez-PubMedJ
Rehabil 1983 Jul-Sep;49(3):26-30 Variables related to acceptance of disability
in persons with spinal cord injuries. Woodrich F, Patterson JB.
- Entrez-PubMedHarris
J. 1987 QALYfying the value of life. J Med Ethics; 13: 117-123
- Entrez-PubMedMurray
C, Acharya AK. Understanding DALYs. J Health Economics 1997;16:703-
30
- Entrez-PubMedMurray
CJL, Lopez AD. Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden
of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997;349:1269-1276
- Entrez-PubMedMurray
CJL, Lopez AD. Regional patterns of disability-free life expectancy and disability-adjusted
life expectancy: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997;349:1347-1352
- Entrez-PubMedMurray
CJL, Lopez AD. Global mortality disability and the contribution of risk factors:
Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997;349: 1436-1442
- Entrez-PubMed
Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by
cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997;
349:1498-1504
- .
Aging/Elder issues
